• Cross-modality imaging established systematic LV size and volume measurement, integrating angiography, radiography, ultrasound, and echocardiography to quantify LV geometry in health and disease [1], [3], [4], [8], [9], [13], [14], [15], [19].

• Echocardiography and ultrasound became the core modality for LV assessment, enabling measurements of dimensions, volumes and performance across the early 1970s (e.g., [6], [8], [9], [11], [14], [19], [20]).

• Imaging-informed LV geometry and mechanics emphasized heart shape, wall thickness, and stress, advancing concepts of dynamic geometry and hypertrophy in imaging studies (e.g., [5], [10], [16], [17]).

• Functional imaging in disease contexts linked LV imaging to pathophysiology, including myocardial infarction and valvular disease, via scintigraphy and angiography (e.g., [13], [18]).

• Methodological development and evaluation of imaging methods for LV measurement highlighted direct stroke-volume determinations and cineangiography limitations (e.g., [7], [12], [15]).